More Changes in the Landscape

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Published on January 12, 2018 7:57:13 PM ● Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nFIH47A-z0

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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; and continues until the project is built and ready for use.
Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. The largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.
Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins.
Other safety risks for workers in construction include hearing loss due to high noise exposure, musculoskeletal injury, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress.

Строительство — создание (возведение) зданий, строений и сооружений[1].
В широком смысле (как отрасли) к строительству также относят капитальный и текущий ремонт зданий и сооружений, их реконструкцию, реставрацию и реновацию.
Процесс строительства включает в себя все организационные, изыскательские, проектные, строительно-монтажные и пусконаладочные работы, связанные с созданием, изменением или сносом объекта, а также взаимодействие с компетентными органами по поводу производства таких работ.
Результатом строительства считается возведённое здание (сооружение) с внутренней отделкой, действующими инженерно-технологическими системами и полным комплектом документации, предусмотренным законом.

Pembinaan merupakan binaan atau penyambungan infrastruktur dalam bidang seni bina dan kejuruteraan awam. Pembinaan skala besar memerlukan kepakaran dan teknologi. Sesuatu pembinaan biasanya diketuai oleh ketua projek yang akan dibantu oleh pengurus pembinaan, jurutera seni bina, jurutera pembinaan atau arkitek. Untuk memastikan pembinaan berjalan dengan lancar, perancangan yang berkesan amat penting.

建設（けんせつ、construction コンストラクション）は、建築（architecture）と土木（civil engineering）その他農分野の林業や造園の工事などや、海洋分野やプラント、「電設」という言葉（社団法人日本電設工業協会や住友電設株式会社などでいう電気設備の建設という意味での「電設」）や通信分野のインフラストラクチャーなどの基盤構築の分野の総称。ほか、言葉的には「建設的な意見」などのように積極、能動的なニュアンスが含まれながら使用される。
建築工事業と土木工事業の分野をあわせたものには、「土建」（どけん）という言葉がある。

Der Begriff Bauausführung bezeichnet die Phase der Herstellung eines Bauwerks mit Hilfe der Bautechnik. Die einzelnen Schritte der Bauausführung sind im Bauablauf festgelegt und werden mithilfe des Baumanagements organisiert.

Construção civil é o termo que engloba a confecção de obras como casas, edifícios, pontes, barragens, fundações de máquinas, estradas, aeroportos e outras infraestruturas, onde participam engenheiros civis e arquitetura em colaboração com técnicos de outras disciplinas.
Na engenharia e na arquitetura, a construção é a execução do projeto previamente elaborado, seja de uma edificação ou de uma obra de arte, que são obras de maior porte destinadas a infraestrutura como pontes, viadutos ou túneis. É a execução de todas as etapas do projeto da fundação ao acabamento, consistindo em construir o que consta em projeto, respeitando as técnicas construtivas e as normas técnicas vigentes.
No Brasil, o termo reforma é o mais utilizado quando se trata de fazer alguma ampliação, inovação, ou restauração, ou apenas uma pintura, ou a troca de um piso cerâmico de um imóvel, seja comercial, industrial ou residencial. Os termos construção e obra também são utilizados.