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Like&subscribe 👍🙏🥳💖Gibbons (/ˈɡɪbənz/) are apes in the family Hylobatidae (/ˌhaɪləˈbætɪdiː/). The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforest from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java).

Gibbons[1][2]
Temporal range: 13.8–0 Ma
PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN
Late Miocene–recent
Gibbon collage.png
Gibbon species of different genera; from top-left, clockwise: Pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)
Conservation status
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4]
Scientific classification e
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Suborder:
Haplorhini
Infraorder:
Simiiformes
Parvorder:
Catarrhini
Superfamily:
Hominoidea
Family:
Hylobatidae
Gray, 1870
Type genus
Hylobates
Illiger, 1811
Genera
Hylobates
Hoolock
Nomascus
Symphalangus
†Bunopithecus
†Junzi
†Yuanmoupithecus[3]
Distribución hylobatidae.png
Distribution in Southeast Asia
Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and not making nests.[5] Like all apes, gibbons are tailless. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds. Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as fast as 55 km/h (34 mph). They can also make leaps up to 8 m (26 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals.[6]

Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare.

Etymology
Edit

The English word "gibbon" is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word.[7]

Evolutionary history
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Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys).[8] Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting.[8][9] An analysis based on morphology suggests that the four genera are ordered as

At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that Hylobates pileatus diverged from H. lar and H. agilis around 3.9 Mya, and H. lar and H. agilis separated around 3.3 Mya.[9] Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.5–3.0 Mya.[8] The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-
Family Hylobatidae: gibbons[1][12][16]

Genus Hoolock
Western hoolock gibbon, H. hoolock
Eastern hoolock gibbon, H. leuconedys
Skywalker hoolock gibbon, H. tianxing[17]
Genus Hylobates: dwarf gibbons
Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, H. lar
Bornean white-bearded gibbon, H. albibarbis
Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon, H. agilis
Western grey gibbon or Abbott's grey gibbon, H. abbotti[18]
Eastern grey gibbon or northern grey gibbon, H. funereus[18]
Müller's gibbon or southern grey gibbon, H. muelleri
Silvery gibbon, H. moloch
Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon, H. pileatus
Kloss's gibbon, Mentawai gibbon or bilou, H. klossii
Genus Symphalangus
Siamang, S. syndactylus
Genus Nomascus: crested gibbons
Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon, N. annamensis
Concolor or black crested gibbon, N. concolor
Eastern black crested gibbon or Cao Vit black crested gibbon, N. nasutus
Hainan black crested gibbon, N. hainanus
Northern white-cheeked gibbon, N. leucogenys
Southern white-cheeked gibbon, N. siki
Yellow-cheeked gibbon, N. gabriellae
Extinct genera
Edit
Genus Bunopithecus
Bunopithecus sericus
Genus Junzi
Junzi imperialis
Genus Yuanmoupithecus[3]
Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan
Hybrids
Edit
Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics.[19] These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, within a genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap.[20] No records exist, however, of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity