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William of Ockham

Occam’s razor

"only faith gives us access to theological truths. The ways of God are not open to reason, for God has freely chosen to create a world and establish a way of salvation within it apart from any necessary laws that human logic or rationality can uncover.”

He believed that science was a matter of discovery and saw God as the only ontological necessity

Grace

Justification

Epistemology

Reacted against Scotus in

predestination

penance

and universals

ex parte rei

"as applied to created things"

parsimony

Occam’s Razor

nominalism epistemology ontology conceptualism

Denied the real existence of metaphysic universals

he names were names of concepts, which do exist, although only in the mind. Therefore, the universal concept has for its object, not a reality existing in the world outside us, but an internal representation which is a product of the understanding itself and which "supposes" in the mind the things to which the mind attributes it; that is, it holds, for the time being, the place of the things which it represents. It is the term of the reflective act of the mind.

a theological voluntarist who believed that if God had wanted to, he could have become incarnate as a donkey or an ox, or even as both a donkey and a man at the same time.

states that if one can explain a phenomenon without assuming this or that hypothetical entity, there is no ground for assuming it that one should always opt for an explanation in terms of the fewest possible causes, factors, or variables

Otherwise said

That we should examine phenomena through the logos first as in determinism and causation

"For nothing ought to be posited without a reason given, unless it is self-evident (literally, known through itself) or known by experience or proved by the authority of Sacred Scripture."

the only truly necessary entity is God; everything else is contingent

the principle of sufficient reason

essence and existence

his ontological parsimony request leads appears in his doctrine that human reason can prove neither the immortality of the soul; nor the existence, unity, and infinity of God. These truths, he teaches, are known to us by revelation alone

According to the principle of ontological parsimony

we do not need to allow entities in all ten of Aristotle's categories

quantity of substance of qualities

metabasis

intuitive cognition depends on the existence or non-existence of the object, whereas abstractive cognition "abstracts" the object from the existence predicate

De Morgan’s Laws

Propositional Logic and Boolean Algebra
valid rules of inference
conjunctions and disjunctions
via negation

semantics

Aristotelian syllogistic

literary nominalism