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Leon Trotsky's "Their Morals and Ours" is a trenchant exploration of the ethics underpinning revolutionary movements, set against the backdrop of class struggle and historical materialism. In this essay, Trotsky interrogates the moral frameworks of both bourgeois and proletarian ideologies, asserting that morality is not universal but a construct shaped by the material conditions of society and the interests of ruling classes. The text is a defense of revolutionary ethics, contending that the morality of the proletariat cannot be judged by the standards of the bourgeoisie, as the latter’s morality serves to preserve the existing capitalist order.Trotsky’s argument begins with a critique of the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, which often cloaks exploitation and oppression under the guise of universal principles like justice, freedom, and human rights. He argues that such morality serves as a tool for maintaining class dominance, masking the inherent violence of the capitalist system. In contrast, proletarian morality emerges from the struggle against exploitation, rooted in the collective interests of the working class and the ultimate goal of achieving socialism. This fundamental opposition highlights the class character of morality, which Trotsky underscores as inseparable from the historical and material context.Central to Trotsky’s thesis is the notion that the ends justify the means within the framework of class struggle. He challenges the pacifist and idealist rejection of revolutionary violence, asserting that the use of force is not only justified but necessary for the liberation of the oppressed. Trotsky does not advocate for arbitrary violence; instead, he insists that revolutionary action must be guided by the overarching goal of dismantling class oppression and establishing a just society. The morality of such actions, he argues, lies in their ability to advance the cause of socialism and humanity’s progress. This utilitarian approach to ethics is both pragmatic and deeply ideological, emphasizing the interplay between means and ends in revolutionary praxis.Trotsky also critiques the role of intellectuals and reformists who attempt to impose moral absolutism on revolutionary movements. He accuses them of failing to grasp the dialectical nature of history and the necessity of revolutionary upheaval to achieve social transformation. By prioritizing abstract principles over concrete conditions, these critics, in Trotsky’s view, undermine the revolutionary potential of the working class and inadvertently support the status quo. His analysis thus serves as a broader critique of liberalism and reformism, which he sees as insufficient to address the structural inequalities of capitalism.The essay’s emphasis on historical materialism underscores Trotsky’s commitment to Marxist philosophy. He situates morality within the broader context of class struggle, rejecting the idea of timeless ethical standards. For Trotsky, the morality of the proletariat is intrinsically linked to its historical mission to overthrow capitalism and build socialism. This perspective allows him to reconcile the apparent contradictions in revolutionary ethics, presenting them as part of a larger dialectical process. The text is not merely a theoretical exercise but a call to action, urging revolutionaries to remain steadfast in their principles while navigating the complexities of political struggle.Trotsky’s prose is both polemical and analytical, reflecting his dual role as a revolutionary leader and a theoretician. He combines sharp critiques of his opponents with a rigorous exposition of Marxist ethics, creating a compelling narrative that bridges theory and practice. While the essay is firmly rooted in the political context of the 1930s, its insights remain relevant for contemporary debates on ethics, justice, and the role of violence in social movements. Trotsky’s defense of revolutionary morality challenges readers to reconsider the relationship between ethics and politics, particularly in times of profound social and economic upheaval.In "Their Morals and Ours," Trotsky articulates a vision of morality that is inseparable from the struggle for a classless society. His rejection of moral absolutism and insistence on the primacy of historical materialism offer a powerful critique of bourgeois ethics while affirming the necessity of revolutionary action. The text stands as a testament to the enduring relevance of Marxist thought and its capacity to address the moral dilemmas inherent in the fight for social justice.