Kaiserreich China Rework: Liangguang (Guangdong) Clique Explained
145The Northern Expedition and German Intervention left southern China in a sorry state. The Kuomintang led an irresponsible government that expropriated the province of Guangdong to fund their failed war against the Beijing government, while the AOG gained control of Guangzhou, the region’s economic heart, through shady dealings with Sun Chuanfang. Journalist Hallett Abend described the city as a “squeezed lemon; a city of apathy”.
In the aftermath, Chen Jiongming returned as governor of Guangdong, while Lu Rongting was restored as governor of Guangxi. Both had been ousted by the KMT before the Northern Expedition and were eager to return and clean up the mess left by the Nationalists’ misgovernance. The two had met in Hong Kong during their brief exile and began working together to oust the KMT and maintain their provinces’ autonomy towards the League of Eight Provinces and the restored Qing Dynasty, the latter move despised by Chen, a noted republican.
When the League collapsed, the two governors banded together into Liangguang, or “Two Guangs”, and Chen Jiongming was named Governor-General of Liangguang. Together, the two governors hope to ward off the warring cliques in Nanjing and the KMT in Fujian to protect their independence.
Progress Report: https://www.reddit.com/r/Kaiserreich/comments/aw3j8t/progress_report_82_the_liangguang_clique/
Chen Jiongming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jiongming
https://web.archive.org/web/20070311092406/http://www.chen-jiongming.com/English/material/paper/chen_paper4.htm
Chinese Federalism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_China
Public Interest Party: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party
Canton Merchant Corps: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising
Old Guangxi Clique: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique
Lu Rongting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Rongting
Railway Protection Movement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement
Canton Commune/Soviet/Uprising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising
New Guangxi Clique: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique
Li Zongren: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren
National Protection War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Protection_War
Central Plains War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plains_War
Sun Yat Sen's 3 stage revolution: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/sun_yatsen_revolution.pdf
Party-State: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_Guo
Georgism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism#Notable_Georgists
3 Principles of the People (Sanmin): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People
Soong Chingling, Madame Sun: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling
Sources:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China, 1912-1949 John K. Fairbank, Denis C. Twitchett - 1983
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949 Lloyd E. Eastman, Jerome Ch'en, Suzanne Pepper - 1991
Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920-1928, Anthony Bernard Chan
Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–30 (Men-at-Arms), Philipp Jowett
China’s Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949 Philip Jowett - 2013
SOCIAL CHANGE AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY IN WARLORD CHINA BY ANTHONY B. CHAN
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