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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_muscle_mass,_strength_and_performance_in_space\n\n\n00:00:40 1 Introduction
00:08:44 2 Historical overview
00:08:54 2.1 U.S. human spaceflight programs
00:09:02 2.1.1 Mercury and Gemini
00:14:04 2.1.2 Apollo
00:23:01 2.1.3 Skylab
00:34:05 2.1.4 Space Shuttle
00:47:39 2.1.5 Shuttle-Mir and NASA-Mir
00:49:58 2.1.6 International Space Station (ISS)
00:56:39 2.2 Other human spaceflight
01:08:51 2.3 Ground-based analog studies
01:28:01 2.4 Experimental animal studies
01:32:04 2.4.1 Activity patterns during spaceflight
01:34:07 2.4.2 Activity patterns in early recovery from spaceflight
01:35:28 2.4.3 Effects of spaceflight and hindlimb suspension on muscle mass, protein content and gross morphological properties of skeletal muscle
01:39:27 2.4.4 Muscle fiber phenotype remodeling in response to spaceflight and hind-limb suspension
01:42:49 2.4.5 Metabolic processes
01:44:50 2.4.6 Functional correlates to the alterations in muscle mass and contractile phenotype in response to spaceflight
01:48:41 2.4.7 Are atrophied muscles vulnerable to injury
01:51:36 2.4.8 Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy in response to unloading stimuli
01:56:15 2.4.9 Effects of spaceflight on non-human primates
01:59:43 3 Computer-based simulation information
02:01:14 4 Future exploration missions
02:05:34 4.1 Lunar sortie missions
02:09:50 4.2 Lunar outpost missions
02:11:03 4.3 Mars transit
02:12:33 4.4 Mars outpost
02:13:52 5 Current gaps
02:14:47 5.1 In microgravity
02:17:54 5.2 In analog environments
02:19:02 5.3 Exploration mission operational scenarios
02:20:03 6 See also
\n\n\nListening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.\n\nLearning by listening is a great way to:\n- increases imagination and understanding\n- improves your listening skills\n- improves your own spoken accent\n- learn while on the move\n- reduce eye strain\n\nNow learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.\n\nListen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:\nhttps://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91\nOther Wikipedia audio articles at:\nhttps://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts\nUpload your own Wikipedia articles through:\nhttps://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts\nSpeaking Rate: 0.8286858707225505\nVoice name: en-US-Wavenet-B\n\n\n"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."\n- Socrates\n\n\nSUMMARY\n=======\nThere is a growing research database which suggests that skeletal muscles, particularly postural muscles of the lower limb, undergo atrophy and structural and metabolic alterations during space flight. However, the relationships between in-flight exercise, muscle changes and performance are not well understood. Efforts should be made to try to understand the current status of in-flight and post-flight exercise performance capacity and what the goals/target areas for protection are with the current in flight exercise program.