The Ultimate Guide To The Universe [ Inspired by Kurzgesagt ]

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DragonProf

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Published on June 27, 2021 9:27:36 PM ● Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDD7ftzU9do

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Guide

Duration: 11:07

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The Ultimate Guide To The Universe - Inspired by Kurzgesagt

Script:

The universe can not expand into anything. Outside of the universe doesn’t exist. It can only create new space inside of itself.

And what is that glowing stuff?

Those are quarks and gluons.

The universe keeps expanding a billion kilometres every millisecond.
Quarks are finally happy because now they can form neutrons.


The universe is now 100 billion kilometres wide, and it’s cold enough that the neutrons decay into proton and electron pairs, and form the first atom, hydrogen.


Then, more and more hydrogen atoms formed, and the universe turned into a billion-celsius hydrogen gas.

Over millions of years

Where gas was denser, it got pulled in by gravity, forming a big ball of hydrogen. In the centre of this ball, pressure becomes so high, that atoms get literally smashed into each other, and nuclear fusion begins.

Stars

The energy from nuclear fusion pushes outwards, while gravity pushes inwards, so the star is balanced.

A few billion years later, hydrogen is exhausted and the fusion stops.

Now nothing opposes gravity, so the star starts collapsing into itself. The pressure in the core grows even more, to the point when helium atoms can now fuse.

There are 2 things that can happen to a red giant, depending on its size.

If it's a medium star, like our Sun, then outer layers just go away, and the core remains. This is now a white dwarf. It doesn’t do any fusion. It will just slowly cool down and become a black dwarf.


If it’s a huge star, then something else happens.
The pressure in the core is so high, fusion quickly reaches Iron. Iron is nuclear ash and it can not fuse.

The core is crushed under its own insane weight, like a huge building crushing its basement.

There is no nuclear energy pushing outer layers anymore, so gravity pulls them with a 25% speed of light.

They crash onto the iron core like glass onto the pavement.

It all gets blasted into space in a magnificent explosion called a supernova.


Sometimes a supernova shoots gamma ray bursts from its poles. GRB is basically a laser gun powered by a star. If this laser hits us, it will cook the side of the Earth facing it and cause extinction for probably everything except bacteria.


Core


Since there is no fusion to push outwards, the core is collapsing under its gravity. The pressure becomes so high, that electrons get smashed into protons, and they form neutrons. The core size of the Earth gets rammed to the size of a city.

Now it is made only of neutrons crammed against each other. And neutrons really don’t want to be that close, still, gravity is trying to shove them into a single spot, and turn them into a black hole. So the push. And they push desperately against the gravity.

If they win, they become a neutron star, if gravity wins, they are destroyed in a black hole.


One cubic meter of water weighs roughly 1 metric ton. A cubic meter of iron is close to 8 metric tons. A cubic meter of a neutron star is around 100,000,000,000,000 metric tons.

That’s interesting, right? What if I told you that neutron stars also bend time.


You see, space and time are 2 sides of the same coin.

A planet doesn’t attract an asteroid like a magnet would, instead it curves the space towards itself, so the asteroid is falling in the curved space.

This curvature of space is called gravity.


Let’s say it takes 5 seconds for light to go from point A to point B. 5 seconds. If we put a planet here, it will curve the space, and the distance between these 2 points will increase.

But the light doesn’t care. It still wants to cross this with the same speed in the same amount of seconds, it doesn’t care that there is more distance now.


So in order to please light, mass must literally make seconds last longer, so that light can still cross it in 5 seconds.


The time near a neutron star is so horribly bent, that if you stand there and look at the Earth, you would see a billion years pass every second, like watching a sped-up video.


People far away would watch you in slow motion. If you lift your hand and wave, they will see your hand moving upwards slowly for a billion years.


Black Holes



Cores of the absolute biggest stars are pulled by so much gravity, that it gets shoved into a single infinitely small point, called singularity.

Singularity has 0 size and infinite density. This black sphere is the event horizon. Once crossed, nothing, not even light can escape.


If you fell into a black hole, nothing would happen. Inside the event horizon is just like outside. The only difference is that now space becomes time. Singularity is no longer a place, it is an event in your future. Enjoy a few moments you have left, because soon the gravity will rip your legs from your spine. You will turn into a hot stream of plasma 1 atom wide, and fall into singularity. At singularity space is curved infinitely and time stops.