U.S. vs. Iran 2023: How Did It Come To This?
2,690Welcome to today’s Brief, I’m Aaron. We will be examining the geopolitical dynamics that led to the 2023 US deployment to the Gulf of Oman. This episode provides an insightful look into the interplay between international sanctions, maritime law, and state actors in contemporary global politics. To understand the 2023 US deployment to the Gulf of Oman, we must first have a brief overview of the U.S.-Iran relations since the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Relations deteriorated after the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the subsequent hostage crisis. Since then, the two countries have had no formal diplomatic relations, and tensions have only intensified over the years due to concerns related to nuclear proliferation, terrorism, regional influence, and human rights. In 2015, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, was signed between Iran, the U.S., and several other world powers. The agreement aimed to limit Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for relief from economic sanctions. However, in 2018, under President Donald Trump, the U.S. unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA, citing concerns that the deal did not sufficiently curtail Iran's nuclear ambitions or address other areas of concern such as ballistic missiles and regional interventions. Consequently, the U.S. reimposed sanctions on Iran, targeting its oil sector, among others. The U.S. sanctions aimed to reduce Iran's oil exports, a significant source of its revenue, to zero. This included secondary sanctions that would penalize other countries or entities that purchased or facilitated the sale of Iranian oil. In response, Iran adopted various countermeasures to bypass these sanctions, such as renaming and reflagging its ships, turning off transponders to avoid detection, or executing ship-to-ship transfers of oil in international waters. In August 2020, the United States seized the cargo of four tankers bound for Venezuela, containing approximately 1.1 million barrels of petroleum. The U.S. Department of Justice claimed that the shipments were a part of a scheme by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which the U.S. designates as a foreign terrorist organization, to illicitly ship Iranian oil to foreign customers. The seizure elicited varied reactions. Many U.S. allies lauded the move, interpreting it as a firm stance against Iranian provocations and a commitment to preventing Iran from gaining revenues to fund its controversial activities. On the other hand, Iran and its allies viewed the seizure as piracy and a violation of international law. The incident increased tensions in the Persian Gulf and contributed to concerns about potential conflicts in the region. 2021 Iran has unlawfully seized 5 oil tankers. Two tankers, Advantage Sweet (Marshall Islands-flagged Oil tanker) and were seized in May 2023.
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