Witchcraft & Restraint
9Witchcraft (also called witchery or spellcraft) broadly means the practice of, and belief in, magical skills and abilities that are able to be exercised by individuals and certain social groups. Witchcraft is a complex concept that varies culturally and societally; therefore, it is difficult to define with precision and cross-cultural assumptions about the meaning or significance of the term should be applied with caution. Witchcraft often occupies a religious, divinatory or medicinal role, and is often present within societies and groups whose cultural framework includes a magical world view.
The Malleus Maleficarum, usually translated as Hammer of Witches, is the best known and the most important treatise on witchcraft. It was written by the Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer (under his Latinized name Henricus Institoris) and first published in the German city of Speyer in 1487. It endorses extermination of witches and for this purpose develops a detailed legal and theological theory. It was a bestseller, second only to the Bible in terms of sales for almost 200 years.
Malleus elevates sorcery to the criminal status of heresy and prescribes inquisitorial practices for secular courts in order to extirpate witches. The recommended procedures include torture to effectively obtain confessions and death penalty as the only sure remedy against evils of witchcraft. At that time, it was typical to burn heretics alive at the stake and Malleus encouraged the same treatment of witches. The book had a strong influence on culture for several centuries.
Jacob Sprenger's name was added as an author beginning in 1519, 33 years after the book's first publication and 24 years after Sprenger's death; but the veracity of this late addition has been questioned by many historians for various reasons.
Kramer wrote the Malleus following his expulsion from Innsbruck by the local bishop, due to charges of illegal behavior against Kramer himself, and because of Kramer's obsession with the sexual habits of one of the accused, Helena Scheuberin, which led the other tribunal members to suspend the trial.
It was later used by royal courts during the Renaissance, and contributed to the increasingly brutal prosecution of witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Колдовство́ (чародейство, ведовство, волхование, волшба, волшебство) — занятие магией как ремеслом, при котором колдун заявляет о контакте со сверхъестественными силами (демонами, духами предков, природы и другими).
«Мо́лот ведьм» (лат. Mallēus Maleficārum, нем. Hexenhammer) — трактат по демонологии и о надлежащих методах преследования ведьм.
Основными задачами «Молота» было систематическое опровержение доводов об отсутствии колдовства, дискредитация тех, кто сомневался в его существовании, доказательство того, что женщины колдуют чаще мужчин, а также обучение магистратов способам обнаружения ведьм и процедурам доказательства их виновности.
Полное латинское название (Malleus Maleficarum, Maleficas, & earum hæresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens) переводится как «Молот Ведьм, уничтожающий Ведьм и их ереси, подобно сильнейшему мечу». Слово «малефика» (лат. malefica), переведённое здесь как «ведьма», — широко распространённый средневековый термин, обозначавший именно зловредную колдунью (вредящую людям по наущению Сатаны). Родственный термин «малефиций» (лат. maleficium) означает преступление, злодеяние, в особенности, связанное с колдовством. Заглавие подчёркивает женскую сущность чародейства, так как слово «малефик» приводится именно в женском роде. Если бы речь шла о мужчинах, либо о мужчинах и женщинах в равной степени, следовало бы писать Maleficorum.