TLDW:
There is a bit that flips every frame that alternates hit detection between two halves of the enemies.
One half of the enemies will be thrown if your attack input is on a frame when their hitbox is active. The other half will instead trigger a "unique" normal on their frame. In either case, if you "miss" their frame, you will do a normal attack which will connect on the next frame (when their hitbox enables).
So you have a 50% chance to throw half of the footsoldiers in the game. The other half can never be thrown.
This video used to have annotations to describe each step in more detail, but youtube got rid of that feature.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time Statistics For Zerst
There are 1,920 views in 1 video for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time. Less than an hour worth of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time videos were uploaded to his channel, making up less than 0.17% of the total overall content on Zerst's YouTube channel.