Brain-computer interface | Wikipedia audio article
4This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface
00:01:35 1 History
00:06:23 2 Versus neuroprosthetics
00:08:02 3 Animal BCI research
00:08:51 3.1 Early work
00:10:40 3.2 Prominent research successes
00:10:50 3.2.1 Kennedy and Yang Dan
00:12:07 3.2.2 Nicolelis
00:14:30 3.2.3 Donoghue, Schwartz and Andersen
00:15:57 3.2.4 Other research
00:19:49 3.2.5 The BCI Award
00:23:38 4 Human BCI research
00:23:49 4.1 Invasive BCIs
00:24:33 4.1.1 Vision
00:27:33 4.1.2 Movement
00:29:43 4.2 Partially invasive BCIs
00:33:04 4.3 Non-invasive BCIs
00:34:16 4.3.1 Non-EEG-based human–computer interface
00:34:27 4.3.1.1 Pupil-size oscillation
00:35:25 4.3.1.2 Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
00:35:54 4.3.2 Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces
00:36:07 4.3.2.1 Overview
00:40:19 4.3.3 Dry active electrode arrays
00:42:56 4.3.4 SSVEP mobile EEG BCIs
00:46:46 4.3.4.1 Limitations
00:48:34 4.3.5 Prosthesis and environment control
00:50:20 4.3.6 DIY and open source BCI
00:52:02 4.3.7 MEG and MRI
00:53:58 4.3.8 BCI control strategies in neurogaming
00:54:09 4.3.8.1 Motor imagery
00:55:27 4.3.8.2 Bio/neurofeedback for passive BCI designs
00:57:09 4.3.8.3 Visual evoked potential (VEP)
01:00:47 4.4 Synthetic telepathy/silent communication
01:04:10 5 Cell-culture BCIs
01:06:26 6 Ethical considerations
01:09:47 7 Low-cost BCI-based interfaces
01:13:00 8 Future directions
01:14:34 8.1 Disorders of consciousness (DOC)
01:19:06 8.2 Motor recovery
01:21:30 8.3 Functional brain mapping
01:23:16 8.4 Flexible devices
01:24:03 8.5 Neural dust
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SUMMARY
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A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCI differs from neuromodulation in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature.
The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. Thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.
Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.