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2J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb".
Oppenheimer was born in New York City to a wealthy family of German Jewish descent. He was a brilliant student and attended Harvard University, where he studied physics. After graduating from Harvard, he went on to study at the University of Cambridge and the University of Göttingen.
In 1936, Oppenheimer returned to the United States and joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley. He was a leading figure in the development of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.
In 1942, Oppenheimer was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, the secret U.S. program to develop the atomic bomb. He was appointed director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, where he led the team of scientists who designed and built the first atomic bombs.
The atomic bombs were used against Japan in August 1945, bringing World War II to an end. Oppenheimer was deeply troubled by the use of the bombs, and he became a vocal advocate for nuclear arms control. He was also a strong supporter of international cooperation in science.
Oppenheimer remained active in physics after the war. He served as director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, from 1947 to 1966. He died in 1967 at the age of 62.
Oppenheimer was a complex and contradictory figure. He was a brilliant scientist who helped create the most destructive weapon ever known. He was also a humanist who was deeply troubled by the implications of his work. His legacy is still debated today.