How a Mondragón Rifle Works

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Wikipedia: The Mondragón rifle refers to one of two rifle designs developed by Mexican artillery officer General Manuel Mondragón. These designs include the straight-pull bolt-action M1893 and M1894 rifles, and Mexico's first self-loading rifle, the M1908 - the first of the designs to see combat use.

Straight-pull bolt-action rifles

Mondragón began working on his initial rifle design in 1891. During his stay in Belgium, he filed a patent application for which he had received a grant on March 23, 1892 (No. 98,947). Mondragón was granted a further Patent on April 20, 1892 from the French Patent Office (No. 221,035). He also filed for a Patent for his design with the United States Patent Office on February 8, 1893, which was granted on March 24, 1896 (No. 557,079).[2]

The rifle, referred to as model M1893, was of a straight-pull, bolt-action design, chambered in the 6.5x48mm cartridge (also developed by Mondragón), with a fixed magazine which held an 8-round en-bloc clip.[3] The bolt was locked by two pairs of six small radially-arranged lugs (reminiscent of, e. g., AR-15) locking in helical grooves in the receiver.[4] The rifle operated with three settings:[5] "A" (safe), "L" (normal operation), and "R" (rapid). The "automatic" fire setting allowed the rifle to fire a cartridge each time the bolt was manually cycled to closed position,[2] in similar fashion to Winchester M1897 pump-action shotgun. The rifle could be equipped with a knife bayonet, measuring 41 centimetres (16 in) and 575 grams (1.268 lb), or a blade-type bayonet of 28 centimetres (11 in) length.[6]

At the time of the rifle's design, Mexico did not have any manufacturers capable of producing them to the required tolerances. Mondragón, with the backing of Diaz, subsequently entrusted the Swiss Industrial Company (Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft) of Neuhausen, Switzerland with the production of the rifles. SIG received the first order for 50 rifles in 1893, and a second order for 200 rifles followed in 1894. The rifles from the second order were chambered in the 5.2 × 68mm round developed by Swiss colonel Eduard Rubin, and were referred to as the model M1894 (to differentiate them from the versions chambered in the 6.5mm cartridge).[7]
Self-loading rifle

Mondragón continued his work, and on August 8, 1904 he filed a patent application (No. 219,989) for his new design for a self-loading rifle. The Patent (No. 853,715) was granted on May 14, 1907.[8]

The design was adopted by the Mexican Army in 1908 as the Fusil Porfirio Díaz Sistema Mondragón Modelo 1908. The same year, the Mexican government contracted with SIG for the production of 4,000 M1908 rifles, chambered in the 7×57mm Mauser Mexican service cartridge. Due to the Mexican Revolution, by 1910 only 400 rifles had been delivered by SIG. The rifle's inability to cope with the poor quality of ammunition available at the time, along with the high unit cost of SFr160 per rifle, led to the cancellation of the order by the Mexican government.

The Mondragón Modelo 1908 was a gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt using a cylinder and piston arrangement, a design considered unusual at the time. The bolt and the locking lugs was very similar to the bolt-action rifle. A switch, located on the charging handle, would disengage the bolt from the gas system, allowing the firearm to effectively operate as a straight-pull bolt-action rifle. The Mondragón Modelo 1908 rifles were fitted with a bipod. In addition to the knife bayonet introduced with the previous rifles, Mondragón designed a spade bayonet for use with the Modelo 1908,[9] for which he filed a patent application (No. 631,283) on June 6, 1911.

Type Semi-automatic rifle / straight-pull bolt-action rifle
Place of origin Mexico
Service history
In service 1911 (Mexico)
1914 - 1918 (Germany)
Used by

German Empire German Imperial Army (trials only), Flying Corps
Mexico Mexican Army

Wars Mexican Revolution
World War I
Production history
Designer Manuel Mondragón
Designed 1884 (straight-pull bolt-action rifle), patent of 1904 (semi-automatic rifle)
Manufacturer Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft
Produced 1887 (straight-pull bolt-action rifle)
Specifications
Mass 4.18 kilograms (9.2 lb)[1]
Length 1,105 millimetres (43.5 in)[1]
Barrel length 577 millimetres (22.7 in)[1]
Cartridge 7×57mm Mauser[1]

7.92x57mm Mauser
7.5x55mm Swiss
Action gas operation, rotating bolt
Muzzle velocity 760 metres per second (2,500 ft/s)[1]
Effective firing range 800 metres (870 yd)
Maximum firing range 2,000 metres (2,200 yd)
Feed system The 1908 model utilized 5 round stripper clips into 10 round magazine. The 30-round drum was only used by the German flying corps.
Sights rear: ladder, graduated 400–2000 m

Other Statistics