Marker degradation
0Marker degradation, by Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10017288 / CC BY SA 3.0
#Degradation_reactions
#Name_reactions
#Steroids
The Marker degradation is a three-step synthetic route in steroid chemistry developed by American chemist Russell Earl Marker in 1938–40.
It is used for the production of cortisone and mammalian sex hormones （progesterone, estradiol, etc.） from plant steroids, and established Mexico as a world center for steroid production
in the years immediately after World War II. The discovery of the Marker degradation allowed the production of substantial quantities of steroid hormones for the first time,
and was fundamental in the development of the contraceptive pill and corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drugs.
In 1999, the American Chemical Society and the Sociedad Química de México named the route as an International Historic Chemical Landmark.
The first large-scale application of the route took place in 1943, when Russell Earl Marker collected 10 tons of yam tubers to synthesize 3 kilograms （6.6 lb） of progesterone,
which was the largest single amount of progesterone that had been produced by that time.
That single batch had a value of US$240,000 （approximately $3 million in 2009） at the time it was synthesized.
The discovery of the Marker degradation led to the development of a fine chemical industry in Mexico which, starting from scratch and in less than ten years, supplied more than half the human sex hormones sold in the United States.
The booming industry caused a huge expansion in chemical education in Mexico.
Marker's research at Pennsylvania State College （now Pennsylvania State University） was directed towards finding synthetic routes to steroid hormones from "relatively inexpensive starting materials".
While working on a series of plant steroids called sapogenins, he realized that the structure of the side chain of one of the compounds,
sarsasapogenin, had been incorrectly described in the literature: rather than having an ...
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