Petroleum Downstream Crash Course 2 - Product Specifications and Why They're Important
54Piston Engine, 4 Stroke Cycle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGj8OneMjek
More on Jet Fuel Specs (Jet A and Jet A1)
https://www.exxonmobil.com/en/aviation/products-and-services/Products/Jet-A-Jet-A-1
How Jet Engines Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjiUUJdPGX0
Answers in Description
Q1) Which region in the world has the fastest growing demand for petroleum products?
The Asia Pacific region has the fastest growing demand among all the regions in the world. (Exxonmobil Annual Report, 2016)
Q2) What is the difference between octane and cetane number?
While both are indicators of fuel performance in an engine, octane number refers to how resistant petrol is to premature ignition.
Cetane number is an indicator of how responsive (easy) a fuel, eg. diesel is to ignite.
Q3) Why is cetane number important?
Petrol engines and diesel engines work differently.
Both rely on well timed ignitions of fuel.
However, each engine relies on different ignition mechanism.
Gasoline engines rely on sparks to ignite the fuel, hence the fuel should be compressed and only ignite when the spark goes off, premature ignition due to compression (knocking) is undesirable.
Diesel Engines rely on the temperature of ambient compressed air to heat the fuel up to ignite. Fuel is only injected when the air is already compressed and hot enough and the piston is already ready for the fuel to ignite.
Any delays in ignition are therefore undesirable.
For a graphic animation see this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdQ4J-NFoU8
Petroleum Downstream Crash Course Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhPfNw4V4_YQ13CnhacUqEVk-tZlU4ISE
References/Bibliography
[1] EIA, Petroleum Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil 2016, 2016.
[2] ExxonMobil, Annual Report, ExxonMobil, 2016.
[3] R.D. Shell, Annual Report, Royal Dutch Shell plc, 2016.
[4] J.H. Gary, G.E. Handwerk, M.J. Kaiser, Petroleum refining: technology and economics, CRC press2007.
[5] Magellan, Pipeline Product Specifications, 2017.
[6] L. Gibbs, Motor Gasoline Technical Review, Chevron, 2009.
[7] J. Bacha, Diesel Fuel Technical Review, Chevron, 2007.
[8] S.B. Bakshi, F.H. Henderson, PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR SELECTED MILITARY FUEL VAPORS, Inhalation Toxicology, 10 (1998) 955-961.
[9] M.B. Vermeire, Everything You Need to Know about Marine Fuels, Chevron Global Marine Products, Belgium, 2012.
[10] Chevron, Ethylene High Purity Pipeline Specifications, Chevron Phillips, 2010.
[11] D. Kodjak, POLICIES TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION, AIR POLLUTION, AND CARBON EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES IN G20 NATIONS, 2015.
[12] IMO, IMO sets 2020 date for ships to comply with low sulphur fuel oil requirement
International Maritime Organisation, 2016.
[13] R.G. Daniel Monzón, Alfredo Verna, Micaela Carlino, What is next for petroleum downstream?, Arthur D. Little, 2016.
[14] BP, Annual Report, BP, 2016.
My Engineering Thermodynamics Playlist:
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Petroleum Downstream Crash Course Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhPfNw4V4_YQ13CnhacUqEVk-tZlU4ISE