Petroleum Downstream Crash Course 5 - Distillation Testing of Crude
40ExxonMobil Crude Oil Assay
http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/worldwide-operations/crude-oils/assays
Cut Points – by Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Author: Dr Semih Eser, Professor of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/fsc432/content/cut-points
What are some of the different standard distillation testing methods for crude oil? And how do they differ from a true boiling point distillation test of more than 100 trays/plates and reflux ratio of 100?
Suggested Ans:
ASTM D2892
Conditions:
Same as high purity TBP but ~15 plates, reflux ratio of 5, atmospheric pressure or vacuum.
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D2892.htm
ASTM D86
Conditions:
Similar setup but no extra trays in the distillation column and zero reflux ratio, run at atmospheric pressure.
https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D86-01.htm
http://rut44.ru/download/115/astm_d86.pdf
ASTM D1160
Conditions, D86 under low pressure near vacuum(~6.7 kPa or less)
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D1160.htm
More detailed explanation of ASTM D1160 here.
https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=59793f7696b7e44cff52dcec&assetKey=AS%3A520543729143808%401501118704015
Why should there be different tests?
Suggested Ans:
With more plates and higher reflux ratio, the test might take longer to start up and complete. Imagine the vapour needs to travel up 100 plates vs zero. During startup, the vapour might need to condense back for a while before you collect your first drop.
So tests such as ASTM D86 usually take less time than ASTM D2892 are good. You know for industry, time is money, results are needed fast. A distillation experiment can take hrs easily.
References/Bibliography
[1] EIA, Petroleum Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil 2016, 2016.
[2] ExxonMobil, Annual Report, ExxonMobil, 2016.
[3] R.D. Shell, Annual Report, Royal Dutch Shell plc, 2016.
[4] J.H. Gary, G.E. Handwerk, M.J. Kaiser, Petroleum refining: technology and economics, CRC press2007.
[5] Magellan, Pipeline Product Specifications, 2017.
[6] L. Gibbs, Motor Gasoline Technical Review, Chevron, 2009.
[7] J. Bacha, Diesel Fuel Technical Review, Chevron, 2007.
[8] S.B. Bakshi, F.H. Henderson, PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR SELECTED MILITARY FUEL VAPORS, Inhalation Toxicology, 10 (1998) 955-961.
[9] M.B. Vermeire, Everything You Need to Know about Marine Fuels, Chevron Global Marine Products, Belgium, 2012.
[10] Chevron, Ethylene High Purity Pipeline Specifications, Chevron Phillips, 2010.
[11] T. MAHMOOD, OIL TRANSPORT, STUDENT ENERGY, 2017.
[12] D. Kodjak, POLICIES TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION, AIR POLLUTION, AND CARBON EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES IN G20 NATIONS, 2015.
[13] IMO, IMO sets 2020 date for ships to comply with low sulphur fuel oil requirement
International Maritime Organisation, 2016.
[14] R.G. Daniel Monzón, Alfredo Verna, Micaela Carlino, What is next for petroleum downstream?, Arthur D. Little, 2016.
[15] BP, Annual Report, BP, 2016.
[16] N.W. Hanf, M.J. Sole, High-temperature hydrolysis of sodium chloride, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 66 (1970) 3065-3074.
[17] D.W. Green, R.H. Perry, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill Education2007.
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