Rockets | Wikipedia audio article
0This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket
00:02:54 1 History
00:11:31 2 Types
00:12:51 3 Design
00:13:27 3.1 Components
00:14:41 3.2 Engines
00:16:44 3.3 Propellant
00:18:22 4 Uses
00:19:05 4.1 Military
00:20:14 4.2 Science and research
00:20:52 4.3 Spaceflight
00:22:24 4.4 Rescue
00:24:28 4.5 Hobby, sport, and entertainment
00:26:43 5 Noise
00:29:04 6 Physics
00:29:13 6.1 Operation
00:33:55 6.2 Forces on a rocket in flight
00:35:40 6.2.1 Drag
00:36:51 6.2.2 Net thrust
00:39:27 6.3 Total impulse
00:40:49 6.4 Specific impulse
00:43:14 6.5 Delta-v (rocket equation)
00:46:44 6.6 Mass ratios
00:49:14 6.7 Staging
00:51:18 6.8 Acceleration and thrust-to-weight ratio
00:54:33 6.9 Energy
00:54:42 6.9.1 Energy efficiency
01:04:38 6.9.2 Oberth effect
01:05:55 7 Safety, reliability and accidents
01:07:05 8 Costs and economics
01:11:23 8.1 2010s emerging private competition
01:11:48 9 See also
01:11:58 10 Notes
01:12:07 11 External links
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SUMMARY
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A rocket (from Italian rocchetto "bobbin") is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellant carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction and push rockets forward simply by expelling their exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed, and can therefore work in the vacuum of space.
In fact, rockets work more efficiently in space than in an atmosphere. Multistage rockets are capable of attaining escape velocity from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude. Compared with airbreathing engines, rockets are lightweight and powerful and capable of generating large accelerations. To control their flight, rockets rely on momentum, airfoils, auxiliary reaction engines, gimballed thrust, momentum wheels, deflection of the exhaust stream, propellant flow, spin, or gravity.
Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology for the Space Age, including setting foot on the Earth's moon. Rockets are now used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight, and space exploration.
Chemical rockets are the most common type of high power rocket, typically creating a high speed exhaust by the combustion of fuel with an oxidizer. The stored propellant can be a simple pressurized gas or a single liquid fuel that disassociates in the presence of a catalyst (monopropellants), two liquids that spontaneously react on contact (hypergolic propellants), two liquids that must be ignited to react, a solid combination of fuel with oxidizer (solid fuel), or solid fuel with liquid oxidizer (hybrid propellant system). Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimizes risks.