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What is Network Function Virtualization (NFV)?
NFV is a network architecture concept that uses software to perform network functions (like firewall, router, load balancer) that traditionally ran on hardware devices.

🔹 Usage / Applications (5 Points)
Replace physical network devices (e.g., routers, firewalls).

Cloud-based telecom services (VoIP, IMS).

Dynamic network scaling during traffic surges.

Faster deployment of services in 5G networks.

Network slicing for IoT, video, and other use cases.

Working (5 Points)
Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) run on standard servers.

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI) provides computing, storage, and networking.

Orchestration system manages resources and automates functions.

VNFs communicate over virtual networks instead of cables.

Everything is centrally controlled using software.

🔹 Architecture (5 Points)
VNF (Virtual Network Functions) – e.g., virtual firewall, NAT.

NFV Infrastructure (NFVI) – physical resources (CPU, storage, network).

NFV MANO (Management and Orchestration) – controls lifecycle of VNFs.

Virtualization Layer – enables hardware sharing (e.g., hypervisor).

Service Layer – provides end-user network services.

🔹 Advantages (5 Points)
Reduces hardware costs.

Faster service deployment.

Improves scalability and flexibility.

Centralized management.

Supports innovation in 5G and edge computing.

🔹 Risks / Challenges (5 Points)
Security concerns in virtual environments.

Performance overhead due to virtualization.

Complex orchestration and management.

Interoperability issues between vendors.

Need for skilled professionals.

🔹 Types of VNFs (5 Examples)
vRouter – Virtual router

vFirewall – Virtual firewall

vLoad Balancer – Distributes traffic

vNAT – Virtual network address translator

vIDS/vIPS – Intrusion detection/prevention systems

#computerscience #sdn #networking