The transition elements (with few exceptions) show a large number of oxidation states. The vario....
0The transition elements (with few exceptions) show a large number of oxidation states. The various oxidation states are related to the electronic configuration of their atoms. The
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variable oxidation states of a transition metal is due to the involvement of \( (\mathrm{n}-1) d \) and outer \( n s \) electrons. For the first five elements of \( 3 d \) transition series, the minimum oxidation state is equal tot he number of electrons in \( 4 s \) shell and the maximum oxidation state is equal tot he sum of \( 4 s \) and \( 3 d \) electrons. The relative stability of various oxidation states of a given element can be explained on the basis of stability of \( d^{0}, d^{5} \) and \( d^{10} \) configurations.
In \( 3 d \) series, the maximum oxidation state is shown by
(1) \( \operatorname{Sc} \) (At. No. 21)
(2) \( \operatorname{Cr} \) (At. No. 24)
(3) \( \operatorname{Mn}( \) At. No. 25)
(4) \( \mathrm{Fe} \) (At. No. 26)
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