What Are Gravitational Waves? Listen To The Lapping
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Dancing black holes, neutron stars clashes, supernovae exposions, are just some of the monstrous events that took place in the distant past, in deep space. Today, surprisingly, we are able to hear the echo of those events thanks to a very precious new messenger of the cosmos: gravitational waves.
In order to understand what they are, when they were discovered, and what their importance is for cosmology of the future, stay with us, we will tell you everything during this video!
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Let's do a dip into the past. We are in 1915. Albert Einstein has recently given birth to the theory of general relativity in which he paves the way for modern cosmology. Relativity, in addition to deeply revising the concepts of space and time, completes the law of universal gravitation proposed by Isaac Newton in 1687. Newton, in fact, had described gravity as a force at a distance, without however clarifying what was actually causing and transmitting it. How was it possible that two objects far by millions of kilometers could feel the presence of each other? Newton himself wondered; "It is inconceivable that brute and inanimate matter (without the mediation of something immaterial), can act and influence other matter without mutual contact", he said.
In general relativity, space and time are brought together within a four-dimensional entity, formed by the 3 spatial dimensions plus time: space-time. Einstein reformulates and integrates Newton's gravity into a coherent framework, and clarifies that it is space-time that determines gravity. It is the presence of matter that "deforms" the space-time which, in return, in accordance with Newton's action-reaction principle, acts on the matter itself, constraining it to move on very precise trajectories.
We can imagine space-time as a sheet, a very elastic, malleable, and stress-sensitive fabric on which marbles move that we can identify as masses, celestial bodies.
Einstein goes beyond and from the equations of general relativity comes to predict the existence of ripples within this "sheet".
When a very heavy object undergoes very sharp and intense movements, modifies the local curvature in space, producing waves similar to those left by a speedboat sailing at sea. During particularly extreme events, as well as accelerated electric charges, emit radiation under forms of electromagnetic waves, enormous accelerated masses should emit energy in the form of gravitational waves, deformations of space-time that spreads like waves. The space-time fabric thus ripples and sways like the surface of a lake and the oscillation is transmitted and propagated at the speed of light
We’ ve had to wait a century, but nowadays gravitational waves have been finally detected.
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) is the detector that on September 14, 2015, heard, the first gravitational wave in history. LIGO is a project that involves scientists from Caltech and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston and only the phase of its construction (finished in 1999) It cost $365 million and is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the US National Science Foundation. One of its creators is the scientist Kip Thorne who is famous among the general public for having been the scientific advisor to director Christopher Nolan during the writing of the script of the film "Interstellar", 2014.
VIRGO
VIRGO is a giant laser interferometer located on Italian soil, near Cascina, a town near Pisa, on the site of the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO). was designed and built by a collaboration between the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Italian INFN.
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