European Extremely Large Telescope: The Future Is Already Here!
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This decade will see the rise of real giants with mirrors with a diameter of almost 40 meters that will use the most refined technologies to get images of the sky sharper and sharper, much better than those given to us so far by the Hubble Space Telescope. The decision of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) to start with the construction of its European Extremely Large Telescope, with a diameter of 39 meters, has kicked off the race to the super telescopes and the Americans do not want to watch.
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They have under construction the Giant Magellan Telescope (diameter 25 m) in Chile and plan the Thirty Meter Telescope (diameter 30 m) to be put on top of Mauna Kea, in Hawaii. However, it will be the European telescope to cross the finish line first: its first light is in fact expected in 2025!
When the 2.5-meter Ho-ker Telescope, then the largest in the world, was installed at Mount Wilson Observatory and looked up at the sky for the first time, it was the year 1917. No one knew what wonders would be able to reveal, but within a decade, thanks to this instrument astronomer Edwin Hubble was able to demonstrate the existence of other galaxies beyond ours and to discover the expansion of the universe.
History repeated itself in 1949, when the 5-meter telescope of Mount Palomar took the prize of the largest and revealed to the world the distance and the real nature of Quasars, or that of supermassive black holes that accumulate matter at the centers of galaxies. For that time, it was pure science fiction!
In the '90s there was a further technological leap, and a handful of telescopes, such as the four of the Very Large Telescope of ESO, the Japanese Subaru and the two of Keck in Hawaii arrived at 8-10 meters in diameter. Which, with the essential help of the Hubble Space Telescope gave us the most amazing cosmological discovery of the last decades: the universe is not only expanding, but the expansion is even accelerating!
Well, have you noticed? Every 30-40 years the size of the top telescopes tends to double. So that we should now expect to soon have a generation of reflectors about 20 meters in diameter available.
Right?
But no! In the next five years we will see at least three telescopes with diameters of several tens of meters appear on the world astronomical stage, up to four times larger than the largest instruments in existence today!
The most giant of all is the one that the European Southern Observatory is building on Cerro Amazones, in the Chilean Atacama Desert. It will measure 39 meters in diameter and will be called ELT, or Extremely Large Telescope.
With that diameter, ELT will be able to devote itself to the direct detection of extrasolar planets and in the most favorable cases also to the spectral analysis of their atmospheres.
In addition, ELT's suite of instruments will allow astronomers to probe the early stages of the formation of planetary systems and detect water and organic molecules in protoplanetary disks around forming stars. Thus, the ELT will answer fundamental questions regarding the formation and evolution of planets.
The site where the Observatory has been under construction since 2014, namely Cerro Armazones, located only 23 km away from the Very Large Telescopes, was chosen in 2010 based on a careful comparative analysis that lasted a few years. In order to select the most suitable location, several parameters were taken into account.
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