A Positive Future for AI Art - Is it possible?
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Is it possible for artists and AI artists to coexist?
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Many mechanisms for creating AI art have been developed, including procedural 'rule-based' generation of images using mathematical patterns, algorithms which simulate brush strokes and other painted effects, and artificial intelligence or deep learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and transformers.
One of the first significant AI art systems is AARON, developed by Harold Cohen beginning in the late 1960s at the University of California at San Diego.[3] AARON is the most notable example of AI art in the era of GOFAI programming because of its use of a symbolic rule-based approach to generate technical images.[4] Cohen developed AARON with the goal of being able to code the act of drawing. In its primitive form, AARON created simple black and white drawings. Cohen would later finish the drawings by painting them. Throughout the years, he also began to develop a way for AARON to also paint. Cohen designed AARON to paint using special brushes and dyes that were chosen by the program itself without mediation from Cohen.[5]
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) were designed in 2014. This system uses a "generator" to create new images and a "discriminator" to decide which created images are considered successful.[6] More recent models use Vector Quantized Generative Adversarial Network and Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training (VQGAN+CLIP).[7]
DeepDream, released by Google in 2015, uses a convolutional neural network to find and enhance patterns in images via algorithmic pareidolia, thus creating deliberately over-processed images.[8][9][10] After DeepDream's release, several companies released apps that transform photos into art-like images with the style of well-known sets of paintings.[11][12] The website Artbreeder, launched in 2018, uses the models StyleGAN and BigGAN[13][14] to allow users to generate and modify images such as faces, landscapes, and paintings.[15]
Several programs use text-to-image models to generate a variety of images based on various text prompts. They include OpenAI's DALL-E which released a series of images in January 2021, [16] Google Brain's Imagen and Parti which was announced in May 2022, Microsoft's NUWA-Infinity,[17][18][19][20] and Dream by Wombo.[21][22][23] The input can also include images and keywords and/or configurable parameters such as artistic style which is often used via keyphrases like "in the style of {name of an artist}" in the prompt[24] and/or selection of a broad aesthetic/art style.[25][26]
On 22 August 2022, Stable Diffusion was released, making the technology much more accessible and free to use on personal hardware as well as extendable by third-parties (i.e. other software projects).[20][27] This enabled a surge in further innovative applications and extensions from developers around the world[28][29][30][31] – such as plugins for Krita,[28][29][32] Photoshop,[29][31][32] Blender,[28][32] and GIMP.[32] The Automatic1111 Stable Diffusion UI is a popular web-based open source user interface for using the tool on one's own computer including, continuously integrated, new features (such as "Inpainting" or "Textual Inversion").[33][34][35] The web interface by Stability.ai that allows running the software without any new installation is called DreamStudio.[29][31][36][37]
There are many other AI art generation programs including simple consumer-facing mobile apps and Jupyter notebooks that require powerful GPUs to run effectively. Examples include Midjourney among many others.[38]