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Copper is the most noble of the first row transition elements. It occurs in small deposits in several countries. Ores of
\( \mathrm{P} \) copper include chalcanthite \( \left(\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \cdot 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right) \), atacamite

W \( \left[\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\right] \), cuprite \( \left(\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right) \), copper glance \( \left(\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\right) \), and malachite \( \left[\mathrm{Cu}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\right] \). However, \( 80 \% \) of the world copper production comes from the ore chalcopyrite \( \left(\mathrm{CuFeS}_{2}\right) \). Extraction of copper from chalcopyrite includes roasting, iron removal, and self-reduction.
Partial roasting of chalcopyrite produces:
(a) \( \mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{~S} \) and \( \mathrm{FeO} \)
(b) \( \mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{O} \) and \( \mathrm{FeO} \)
(c) \( \mathrm{CuS} \) and \( \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} \)
(d) \( \mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{O} \) and \( \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} \)
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