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A viaduct is a specific type of bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles.The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts.Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length.

Viaduct
The 1812 Laigh Milton Viaduct in Ayrshire – the oldest surviving railway bridge in Scotland
The 1812 Laigh Milton Viaduct in Ayrshire – the oldest surviving railway bridge in Scotland

Wugu–Yangmei Elevated Road in Taiwan, a single-column double-decker viaduct
The longest in antiquity may have been the Pont Serme which crossed wide marshes in southern France.At its longest point, it measured 2,679 meters with a width of 22 meters.

Viaducts are commonly used in many cities that are railroad hubs, such as Chicago, Atlanta, Birmingham, London and Manchester. These viaducts cross the large railroad yards that are needed for freight trains there, and also cross the multi-track railroad lines that are needed for heavy rail traffic. These viaducts provide grade separation and keep highway and city street traffic from having to be continually interrupted by the train traffic. Likewise, some viaducts carry railroads over large valleys, or they carry railroads over cities with many cross-streets and avenues.

Many viaducts over land connect points of similar height in a landscape, usually by bridging a river valley or other eroded opening in an otherwise flat area. Often such valleys had roads descending either side (with a small bridge over the river, where necessary) that become inadequate for the traffic load, necessitating a viaduct for "through" traffic. Such bridges also lend themselves for use by rail traffic, which requires straighter and flatter routes.Some viaducts have more than one deck, such that one deck has vehicular traffic and another deck carries rail traffic. One example of this is the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Canada, that carries motor traffic on the top deck as Bloor Street, and metro as the Bloor-Danforth subway line on the lower deck, over the steep Don River valley. Others were built to span settled areas, crossing over roads beneath—the reason for many viaducts in London.

"Deansgate Locks" bars under Deansgate Metrolink station in Manchester.
Where a viaduct is built across land rather than water, the space below the arches may be used for businesses such as car parking, vehicle repairs, light industry, bars and nightclubs. In the United Kingdom, many railway lines in urban areas have been constructed on viaducts, and so the infrastructure owner Network Rail has an extensive property portfolio in arches under viaducts.In Berlin the space under the arches of elevated subway lines is used for several different purposes, including small eateries or bars.
helpful tips and useful links to official bodies where you can get more information.

Roads in Ireland are generally of a high standard. They range from motorways and dual carriageways to secondary roads with two-way traffic and winding country lanes.

In the Republic of Ireland, motorways are prefixed with an “M” (for example, the M50 ring road around Dublin city). National roads are prefixed with an “N” (for example N18). Secondary roads may also be dual-carriageways or have two way traffic.

We drive on the left hand side of the road in Ireland.

Everyone in your vehicle (front and back) MUST wear a seat belt at all times.

Ireland has strict laws against driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs and the penalties for breaking these laws are stiff.

Never use your mobile phone while you're driving.

Licence, insurance and Brexit
Wondering how Brexit may affect your Ireland road trip? Don't worry – you can still use your valid, full UK driving licence to drive in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. If you don't have either a UK or EU licence, you'll need an international driving permit. Remember, in the Republic of Ireland, you must carry your driver’s licence or permit at all times. From 2nd August 2021 UK registered vehicles (with valid insurance) will not need a Green Card to drive in Ireland or from Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland.


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