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Here's how to Perform a Traceroute on Windows/Mac/Linux/Android/iPhone.

i. Here are some additional traceroute commands that you can use:

* **-d** \- Do not perform a DNS lookup on each IP address. This will cause traceroute to report the IP address of the near-side interface of the routers.
* **-i** \- Specify the interface to use. This is useful if you want to traceroute through a specific network interface.
* **-l** \- Specify the number of hops to trace. The default is 30 hops.
* **-m** \- Specify the ICMP TTL value to use. The default is 30.
* **-n** \- Do not resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This will cause traceroute to only print the IP addresses of the routers.
* **-p** \- Specify the TCP port to use. The default is 80.
* **-q** \- Specify the number of probes to send per hop. The default is 3.
* **-r** \- Use a random source port. This can help to avoid being blocked by firewalls.
* **-s** \- Specify the source IP address to use. The default is the IP address of the local computer.
* **-t** \- Specify the timeout value in milliseconds. The default is 5000.
* **-v** \- Verbose mode. This will provide more detailed output about each hop.

For example, to traceroute to Google's homepage using the default settings, you would use the following command:

```
traceroute google.com
```

To traceroute to Google's homepage using the -l option to specify 10 hops, you would use the following command:

```
traceroute -l 10 google.com
```

To traceroute to Google's homepage using the -p option to specify the TCP port 80, you would use the following command:

```
traceroute -p 80 google.com
```

To traceroute to Google's homepage using the -v option for verbose mode, you would use the following command:

```
traceroute -v google.com
```

ii. Traceroute is a network tool that can be used to trace the path that a packet takes from your computer to a remote destination. It does this by sending a series of packets to the destination and then recording the IP addresses of the routers that the packets pass through.

The output of traceroute is a list of the IP addresses of the routers that the packets passed through, along with the time it took for the packets to reach each router. This information can be used to troubleshoot problems with network connectivity and to identify the location of any bottlenecks in the network.

To read a traceroute, start by looking at the first column, which lists the IP addresses of the routers. The next column lists the time it took for the packets to reach each router. The third column lists the name of the router, if it is available.

If there are any long delays or errors in the traceroute, this may indicate a problem with the network.

Here is an example of a traceroute to Google's homepage:

```
Tracing route to www.google.com [172.217.10.142] over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 192.168.1.1 [192.168.1.1] 1.1 ms 1.1 ms 1.1 ms
2 10.1.2.2 [10.1.2.2] 14.9 ms 15.2 ms 15.2 ms
3 209.18.47.62 [209.18.47.62] 16.2 ms 16.2 ms 16.2 ms
4 be37.cr0.chi10.tbone.rr.com [107.14.19.189] 17.1 ms 17.1 ms 17.1 ms
5 be24.cr1.chi10.tbone.rr.com [107.14.17.126] 17.1 ms 17.1 ms 17.1 ms
6 ae1.pr1.chi10.tbone.rr.com [107.14.19.109] 16.3 ms 16.3 ms 16.3 ms
7 172.217.10.142 [172.217.10.142] 17.1 ms 17.1 ms 17.1 ms
```

In this example, the traceroute shows that the packets took 1.1-17.1 milliseconds to reach each router. The last router in the traceroute is Google's homepage.

iii. The following are the steps involved in traceroute:

1. The traceroute sender sends a packet with a TTL of 1 to the destination.
2. The first router in the path decrements the TTL of the packet by 1 and drops it because the TTL is now 0.
3. The router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the sender.
4. The sender records the IP address of the router and the time it took for the packet to reach the router.
5. The sender sends a packet with a TTL of 2 to the destination.
6. The first router decrements the TTL of the packet by 1 and forwards it to the next router in the path.
7. The second router decrements the TTL of the packet by 1 and drops it because the TTL is now 0.
8. The second router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the sender.
9. The sender records the IP address of the second router and the time it took for the packet to reach the second router.
10. The sender continues sending packets with increasing TTL values until it reaches the destination or until it reaches the maximum number of hops.

Learn more@ https://www.youtube.com/c/ITGuides/search?query=Traceroute.