“ THE STRANGE CASE OF THE COSMIC RAYS ” 1957 BELL SCIENCE SERIES STUDY OF MATTER & UNIVERSE MD10375
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Part 1: • “ THE STRANGE CASE OF THE COSMIC RAYS ” 19...
Between 1956 and 1964, Bell Science Series created nine television specials for AT&T. These features combined entertaining story lines with animation, scientific explanation and technical information in order to deliver a better understanding of science. This is the second portion of the two-part series titled “The Strange Case of Cosmic Rays”. It continues with a storyline using marionettes representing Fyodor Dostoevsky, Edgar Allen Poe and Charles Dickens hosting a contest about the great mystery of matter and the universe. The marionettes are presented; by the writer and Dr. Research the mystery of cosmic rays and how they are formed. It digs deep into the nature of particles interacting with Earth’s magnetic field. It includes a discussion on “fagins” and how these were proved to carry positive charges similar to protons. It also explains various concepts related to nuclear force and includes theories posed by Hideki Yukawa and the subsequent discovery of pi meson. Various scientific tools are used; lightweight plates and specialized balloons, in order to study the particles’ movements at various levels in the atmosphere. Viewers are left with the understanding these cosmic particles originate from stars within our galaxy. As science sought to understand cosmic rays, they revealed new fundamental particles and reshaped the field of particle physics. The final segment reminds viewers of the connectedness all life has to the universe and does in fact turn a bit biblical.
00:00 The opening segment shows Dr. Research with a scale model of the Earth and wires bent around to show the earth’s natural magnetic field. Through his example he shows how the charged and neutral particles move through the magnetic field (:51). Charged particles are bent by the magnetic field. The equator deflects theses particles while the northern and southern poles have a neutral effect thus causing more particles to hit the poles. An animated character dubbed “Fagin” returns in order to demonstrate the movement of the particles (1:46). The latitude effect is discussed (3:11). Trains (3:41), Clipper planes (3:43) and Dhoni fishing vessels (3:43) are used to show the massive scale behind the research. A camel drags a covered cart through streets of Tripoli (3:46). Weather balloons are sent into the atmosphere during studies of how the particles operate (3:52). Sounds of radioactive materials are (4:07) captured using the electroscope. Diagrams show the movement of positively charged particles entering the Earth’s atmosphere (5:36). Bruno Rossi; Italian American physicist (5:47), Arthur Compton (6:11) and Lewis Alvarez discovered more particles came in from the west than the east resulting in the understanding “Fagin’s” charge was positive. Images of a cosmic ray track (7:06) captured in a cloud chamber follow (7:07) from 1932 by Prof. Carl Anderson (7:11). The electron footprint curved track follows (7:19). Components of nuclear force (9:58) electromagnetic force (10:49) and photons are explained (10:59). The story of Hideki Yukawa’s theory uncovered in 1935 at Japan’s Osaka University is presented (11:47). Scientists looked to photographs from cloud chamber tracks (12:32). Scientists Seth Neddermeyer, Carl Anderson (12:43), J.C. Street and E.C. Stevensons work with the cloud chamber proved the existence of the muon. Images follow of the footprint of the “unknown particle” (12:52) later to be dubbed the mu meson. At University Bristol England (13:43); using photographic plates exposed on the peaks of the Bolivian Andes (13:51) and French Pyrenees (13:55), C.F. Powell (13:59) and Cesare Lattes (14:03) uncovered the track (14:08) of the pi-meson proving Hideki’s theory. Hideki takes the Nobel Prize for his work (14:23). The neutrino (15:25) and antiproton are mentioned (15:31). Emulsion plates (16:18) were rocketed up (17:12) and weather balloons unfurl (17:37) around the globe in the effort to capture images of these particles. Chicago physicists (18:29) led by Marcel Schein (18:31) uncovered primary rays from outer space were protons; naked hydrogen stripped of electrons. In 1948, physicists at the University of Minnesota and Rochester uncovered more primary tracks (18:59). The Milky Way Galaxy noted as the originator of these particles (20:15). Enrico Fermi (21:23) posed the theory the particles are constantly colliding with one another. Directed by Frank Capra (28:11). Credits.
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