“ TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED LEARNING ” 1960 B.F. SKINNER EDUCATIONAL FILM XD26305
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B.F. Skinner hosts this film, "Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning", funded under contract of the National Defense Education Act of 1958 (:07). In the film, Skinner relays various innovations in the organization of learning due to the implementation of various "teaching machines" including tape recorders in public and military classrooms. Students retain lesson through repetition; using repeated concepts in various settings. Studies proved teaching machines made for effective and fun approaches, positive impacts on behavior change, and increased scores for students at various levels. Skinner ponders over changes in the role of educators and whether this technology would push education in the direction of a more individualized learning curriculum. Prominent psychologists, Dr. Arthur A Lumsdaine, Robert Glaser, the 1961 Califone, and TM MIN/MAX Grolier are featured. A blueprint for the IBM 650 digital computer is included; the 650 was the first mass produced computer released in the mid-1950s. Skinner would be considered one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century responsible for Skinner's Theory of Learning (stimulus, response, reinforcement). He believed free will was an illusion; formulating theories of radical behaviorism. He was at the time; Professor of Education at the University of California (:20) Dr. Robert Glaser (:25) made major contributions in the theory of adaptive learning. He was operating as the Professor of Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh (:30). B.F. Skinner winds up an automated teaching didak (:36); the 1961 Rheem manufactured Califone. Skinner explains the machine's properties (:56). The machine delivers response (1:25) and report on the adequacy of the response. General student lag (2:50) and stages of learning are discussed (3:21). Lumsdaine (5:35) explores three main features (5:41) of an empirical tutor automatic answering machine. He shows a photograph of Professor Sydney Pressey; Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University; credited with developing the first teaching machine in the mid 1920's (6:01). A young girl demonstrates (6:10), squeezing a key down (6:17). Students write directly onto program material while using the Grolier (7:02). The trend was for students to learned sequence material in small steps and response in toe steps back. Lumsdaine shows the procedure for learning a high school physics program (7:34) beginning with the first frame. The response is verified (7:45). A third frame (7:58) and response follows. A new frame (8:10) requires the prediction of a new fact enabling students to uncover a general rule for concepts studied (8:23). In order to cover physics, at a school such as the American Institute for Research, Dr. David Klaus created 3000 frames (9:19). Material was tested in 15 Pennsylvania schools. A sample follows of the programmed text book used in the demonstration (9:47). Norman Crowder's theory is put forth. His material is relayed using the empirical tutor automatic answering machine (10:17) or in a special type of book (10:23). A page explains student error (10:52) and they are routed to the start (10:56). An air specialist in an air defense center learns basic technical knowledge (11:38). The specialist utilizes a simulated / mock up (11:55). A blueprint appears for the IBM 650 (13:10). Glaser addresses the impact of the learning machines (14:05) on the roles of educators and administrators as well as teacher training and educational psychology. Some secondary schools and universities were already using programs for selected subjects. Studies were underway at the Coordinating Education Center at the University of Pittsburgh (16:03). Individual pace (17:05) is discussed. He poses the question of crossing grades at quicker rates (17:37). A newspaper clipping ponders over the possibility of autonomy of jobs in the teaching industry (17:59). Glaser relays a plan of practical try out to slowly introduce the machines into the schooling system (19:00). He ponders over large scale changes in the organization of education (19:30). Skinner (21:47) projects the future of teaching machines and impact. The film was produced by the Division of Audio Visual Instruction Service of the National Education Association (24:10). UCLA and other universities participated in the making of this study.
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD, 2k and 4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com/