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It may come as a surprise to many people, but in reality your phone doesn’t actually know how much charge is left in the battery. There’s nothing analysing the chemistry inside the battery and reporting back to the phone. Instead all the phone (including any electronics built into the battery) can do is make an estimate based on what it sees at the battery terminals over time. So for example it might keep a tally of how much charge it has used since the battery was last fully charged, and subtract this from a figure for the latest battery capacity. But then this latest capacity figure is also just an estimate based on previous usage.

A simple explanation of why 1% might last a long time is that the phone has underestimated the current battery capacity. Then when it gets down to what it thinks should be almost empty, displaying 1%, it finds that the battery has more capacity left than it estimated. That is before the battery actually reaches its minimum output voltage, indicating it’s really empty. In fact the algorithm designers know that it’s better to do this than over-estimate capacity and have the battery run out unexpectedly, so the tendency is to err on the pessimistic side, any unexpected capacity then being a bonus.

In practice the algorithms used for estimation of usage and current capacity are complex and vary between models and battery manufacturers, but you get the idea. Often you can help improve the estimate at least temporarily by allowing the phone to recalibrate the algorithm using a full discharge/recharge cycle. Even then this assumes that the battery is still operating normally, and once the battery gets towards end of life then charge varies in a way that the algorithms don’t anticipate and so the percentage displayed can then be a long way out whatever happens.

Have you ever been outside when your phone’s battery ominously turned red and drained down to 1%? Without a charger, you might have panicked at the prospects of your phone turning off. You might have also found yourself surprised at how long your phone stayed on until you were able to find a charger.
In this article, we will explore how your phone’s battery stays so durable in the last 1% of its remaining capacity.

Does the voltage indicate the actual State of Charge?
In order to understand the durability of the remaining 1% of a battery, we must first explore how a battery operates. Most consumers generally believe that a low voltage means that the battery’s life is running out. At 4.2V per cell, people may assume that the lithium battery is fully charged. At 3.6V, they may think that half of the battery’s life remains, and, at 3.0V, they may think that the battery is worn out. However, this is not the complete picture of a lithium battery. Let us take a look at the graph below:
Lithium-ion battery discharge curve
Source: “Designing Applications with Li-ion Batteries,” Richtek

This graph represents the discharge curve of a lithium-ion battery. If you follow the red line for 0.5C, you will notice that the battery has been discharged at 1500mAh at 3.6V. The remaining SOC (State of Charge) comes to 25% and not 50% as might be assumed.

Ultimately, this shows us that the discharge rate affects the remaining capacity, so the voltage does not in fact represent the State of Charge. Furthermore, the different-colored curves in the graph correspond to how much current is discharged. You will notice that with the larger discharge current comes a faster voltage drop.

However, this graph only reflects a constant current discharge and does not show how the discharge currents can vary greatly under different working conditions. Take, for example, our mobile phones’ many working states: standby, talking, Instagram, playing games, etc. Moreover, the battery will depreciate after it has been used for some time. The internal resistance will also increase, which affects the discharge curve. A battery’s capacity can also decrease as it ages. The extent to which a battery will age largely depends on its chemistry and materials (e.g. Diaphragm, Electrolyte). Its life cycles and capacity are affected by the charge and discharge rate, humidity, and temperature as well. One example is the “self-discharge” phenomenon of batteries: Even if no one is using it, it will slowly discharge itself. Another example is with the temperature’s effect on