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Energy flow is the key function of an ecosystem. It is unidirectional. The energy that is captured by the autotrophs does not revert back to the solar input and the energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to autotrophs. As it moves progressively through the various trophic levels it is no longer available to the previous level. Green plants capture approximately about \( 1 \% \) of the solar energy incident on the earth to carry out the process of photosynthesis. In an ecosystem, transfer of energy follows 10 per cent law, i.e., only \( 10 \% \) energy is transferred from one trophic level to another and remaining \( 90 \% \) of energy is lost in respiration. This means that the energy available at each trophic level gets diminished progressively due to loss of energy at each level.
Refer to the given flow chart.
The given flow chart states that
a. As we move from one trophic level to another, the number of individuals decreases.
b. The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional.
c. Only \( 10 \% \) of the total energy is available to next trophic level.
d. both (b) and (c)
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