Space waves are used for line-of-sight (LOS)
communication as well as satellite communication.
Because of line-of-sight nature of propagation, direct
waves gets blocked at some point by the curvature of
the earth as illustrated in figure. If the signal is to be
received beyond the horizon then the receiving antenna
must be high enough to intercept the line-of-sight waves.
If the transmitting antenna is at a height \( h_{T} \), the distance to the horizon \( d_{T} \) is given as
(a) \( d_{T}=\sqrt{2 h R_{T}} \)
(b) \( d_{T}=\sqrt{2 R h_{T}} \)
- (c) \( d_{T}=2 R h_{T} \)
(d) \( d_{T}=2 R h_{T}\left(1+\frac{h r}{2 R}\right) \)
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