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First IE of \( 5 \mathrm{~d} \) series elements are higher than those of \( 3 \mathrm{~d} \) and \( 4 \mathrm{~d} \) series elements. This is due to :
(1) bigger size of atoms of \( 5 \mathrm{~d} \)-series elements than \( 3 \mathrm{~d}- \)
\( \mathrm{P} \) series elements.

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(2) greater effective nuclear charge is experienced by valence electrons because of the weak fielding of the nucleus by \( 4 f \)-electrons in \( 5 \mathrm{~d} \) series.
(3) (1) and (2) both.
(4) None of these.
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