HALFAYA PASS & TOBRUK, WITH FINNTROLL 1984 (BATTLEFIELD V) *creator: Jeff Wijns*
16HALFAYA PASS & TOBRUK, WITH FINNTROLL 1984 (BATTLEFIELD V)
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel arrived in Tripoli on February 6, 1941, as a result of the massive Italian cock-up in Libya after the Italian declaration of war to France and Britain. The Italians had put up defenses at Sidi Barrani but on December 8, 1940, Major-General O'Connor attacked against the Italian rear via a gap that had been discovered by his adviser: Brigadier Eric Dorman-Smith. 38,300 Italians were captured and the Brits made an 800-kilometre advance in 10 weeks. Many British troops were then sent over to Greece and Rommel only needed a few weeks to capture most of North-East Libya. Sollum and Tobruk were the biggest targets because Tobruk was the port closest to West Egypt and Sollum was near the Halfaya Pass on the border. The Brits had been stationed in Egypt ever since the Orabi Revolt in 1882 and even remained there after the Egyptian independence that was recognized in 1922. There had also been a large Italian community in Egypt before the war and since the Italian declaration of war, the men were arrested and the women were left in poverty. King Farouk I was the ruler of Egypt and didn't part with his own Italian servants. He also ignored the blackout order, making his palace the only building that was lit during the nights. He was forced into capitulation on the night of February 4, 1942, to make room for a government under Nahhas. After the war, Farouk would be reinstated until 1952. But the fights for the Halfaya Pass and the Tobruk port were already fought in 1941. From April 10 until November 27, the Allies withstood German attacks at Tobruk and even survived all the bombardments. They had more trouble in the Sollum region, 2 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, where the Halfaya Pass was captured in Operation Brevity on May 15 and 16 of 1941. Rommel launched Operation Skorpion 11 days later and recaptured the pass, leaving the Allies to prepare for Operation Battleaxe. It was carried out between June 15 and 17 of 1941 but it was a catastrophy because of the strong defensive positions of the Germans. The fact that Benghazi was the German port for resupply missions and not Tobruk, was a major downfall. Allied naval forces ran the Tobruk blockade with assistance from Australia and India, but also combatants who had escaped from Poland and Czechoslovakia helped. The troops were commanded by Australian Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead until September, when British Sir Ronald Scobie took over. It took the Axis until June 21, 1942, before they finally captured Tobruk after a victory in the Battle of Gazala between May 26 and June 21. Rommel wanted to exploit the momentum by chasing after the fleeing Allies into Egypt but was held back at El Alamein. He ingnored Operation Herkules to capture the island of Malta, leaving it to the Allies as a base for resupply mission. Ultimately, this led to the Axis defeat at El Alamein and they were forced to retreat while Allied troops landed in North-West Africa in November of 1942. 6 months later, the game was over for the encircled Axis and Italy became the next target.
*creator: Jeff Wijns*
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