Gene Duplication: Evidence for Large-Scale Evolution? Evolutionary Mechanisms DEBUNKED!
97#debate #creation #evolution #apologetics #origins #science
Proponents of evolutionary theory look to gene duplication as an important mechanism for new genes. They also look to this mechanism as a means for organisms to experience an increase in phenotypic complexity (which is required for large-scale evolutionary changes). Can gene duplication actually provide the necessary genetic material for large-scale evolutionary change? It is claimed that natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations can act upon the novel genetic material provided by gene duplication for evolutionary advancement.
Gene duplication doesn't add any real meaningful complexity to biological organisms. As a matter of fact, gene duplications are largely deleterious. They can be functionally compromising to organisms. Gene duplications cannot counterbalance the damage done by the accumulating genetic load. If you received 2 copies of a book that you already own, you have not been given anything meaningful in terms of true novelty. All you now have are 2 extra copies of a book you already own. Now if you begin to add typographical errors (akin to mutations) to the 2 extra copies of the book you already own, you will not be improving the book's message. What you will be left with is 2 scrambled books that no longer read as well as the original book. This only speeds up the degeneration process. Selection simply cannot reverse the damage that has been done through generations of low-impact (slightly deleterious) mutation accumulation.
If a gene has accumulated many deleterious mutations over time, and then that gene is duplicated, the deleterious mutations are also duplicated with it. In addition to this reality, selection will now become more relaxed due to the extra gene copy. With relaxed selection comes more deleterious mutation accumulation. These factors only help to speed up the genetic degeneration process. These are downhill changes, and not uphill ones. Gene duplications do not help in taking fish to fishermen and bacteria-like organisms to biologists. As a matter of fact, gene duplications work against the evolutionary process.
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